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Richard Rorty: Contingency, Irony and Solidarity

I rgendwie a sympathetic book: As one of the leading pragmatists, a philosophical school which has, especially in the U.S. to its followers, wrote Richard Rorty, who sometimes was titling as the American Habermas, with " Contingency, Irony and Solidarity" a work that tries to philosophical pragmatism as a life-capable, socially valuable apply to life.

Right, because Rorty's philosophy and quite easy to understand with verve and a dash of humor is applying without dwelling on too long hostility towards other directions, but also in criticism of one's thinking.

Despite the hearts and minds closer to thought remains in the end, the suspicion that one afford the position of the ironist must above all: It is a philosophy of winning, even if Rorty wants to be sure they do not bring about Nietzschean stumbling blocks to case.



start, but we all over again: If you visit this blog often and have him hinuntergescrollt times down to the end will perhaps be pushed forward to a quote from Deleuze - the expected measured are the number of visitors, an estimated two people. Therefore, it is repeated here: The French philosopher once said, the task of philosophy is to create new terms. And he already has two things in common with Rorty: This view of philosophy and his preference for Proust, on the latter, we shall return.

But first to tag schaffen.Warum should be the task of philosophy, not the attainment of wisdom, truth, happiness? Clearly, modern philosophy has, in Plato's allegory of the cave further proved in many cases: the world may be, which is the case, but what is the case, always a matter of mediation. Because we learn nothing suddenly. So we can not be sure that the experience of what we, really is a good image of the case. Gives us the world through language. Of these, we are hooked. Now, if new terms are created, we can also not be sure whether they apt for the state of the world: But we have a decisive advantage. The world is the growth of the concepts (or metaphors, of which Rorty speaks rather) complex and in many ways we can align our lives in this world. Rorty celebrates the over-think through new concepts, by recapitulating the ripe age of existing opinions then to new beliefs (and here he refers also like to Proust). We are also already reached the ironist: For what remains one other than an ironic distance from the own thinking, as soon as one is aware that ideas, thoughts, language, the way the world has taught us any time could lose its validity?

This revision of opinions and rethinking the new the past is in Rorty's view of the world also what distinguishes a writer like Proust mainly.

The ironist does not undertake to rigid concepts, but playing with them. He can because he sees everything in the flow. The truth of the ironist is linked to time, perspective and the wider agreement within society. The ironist is so to speak, not the superman, but the stockbroker of philosophy. Even in thinking Nothing is permanent and everything is a question of timing.

But Rorty goes that far but then again. The pain of others or the duty to stop cruelty, is the crucial point where the irony ends. One view that is not ultimately founded. Nevertheless, the pain of a man seems to be the only criterion for action for Rorty.

With the introduction of the pain in his philosophizing Rorty draws to some extent, the philiosophische emergency: it is ultimately the only thing that Rorty prevents them straight to race in total relativism. But Rorty's thinking will remain some other issues: Who defines that the suffering of others? Themselves? The majority opinion? At what point can speak of suffering? Where it starts then?

Rorty's liberal ironist , it must be a likeable guy: Maybe the withdrawal in an armchair, celebrates drinking red wine, a Nabokov on his lap. With a laughing and a crying eye.

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time, chance, loot

I herd appeared m-blog of the last time an exciting contribution to the "Modern Financial Theory." More or less, this entry is a review of the book "Alchemists of Loss" that an attack on an entire paradigm is:

"Their main thesis is based, in its current form," Finance "(the theory of financial markets and risk management ) on unrealistic assumptions and belongs to the dustbin of history. However, since so much money with the wondrous "alchemical" recipes can earn this academic discipline, whether at investment banks, hedge funds, rating agencies or the University of operation, the lobby, which advocates for their survival, quite large and not just poor .

Two of the affected areas that are mentioned in the article that I find particularly interesting The one area relates to the risk, the other the speed but only at the risk..

"Not most recently, the concept of Value-at-Risk it has done to the authors. With the risk management procedures "Can the risk (of a portfolio) excellent control, provided that markets are more or less risk-free". . (P. 12) occur when real risks burst when about real estate bubbles and asset bubbles, ie if there is not just about price fluctuations, value-at-Risk is proving to be completely useless "

This is of course a bit of a paradox: the risk calculated for markets to do that we assume as the starting points of the deliberations as virtually risk free. The second factor that is difficult is that chance. In the book capital markets of Sprämann / Gantenbein can thus for example , Found that the risk of the investor the chance . Strictly speaking, there is the chance but only as admittedly sometimes helpful, but sometimes leading astray fiction: the world and the social processes taking place on their sheared, but not really a coincidence - it is much more the result of complex, chaotic interactions. An insight that here already in regard to the recently played here are put book by Elena Esposito a role. But even that would almost Dirk Baecker dictum that even the most secure bank is an uncertain business goes in that direction. The reviews and reflections of the two sociologists go here at least from the relatively similar basic assumptions: They both suggest the need for a reflection of the fundamentals.

There is probably not cause the unreflexktierten faith in models. In the band Structured irresponsibility: Reports from the banking world finds himself as an interview with a young climber, an investment dealer an Austrian bank, in view of the crisis was the sentence: "This has to imagine any can ! ". What is interesting is with him but at least to one who plays every day with millions of deployments. And even more interesting, we do know that it is not a catastrophic crises like this, incredible uniqueness. In addition, was just before this crisis from many sides have warned of the outbreak. Just not only from the side that is heard by the statisticians. But so be it, the next interesting topic that was raised concerns the speed, or more precisely, the acceleration:

"Another source of danger, in this view, the excessive trading activities - as they build a so-called Tobin tax on transactions before. Thus, the high-speed trade with mathematical models and borrowed money would be unattractive. "

money is opportunity for world development. Hartmut Rosa, the German sociologist and political scientist on the research of social acceleration specializes explains in his book acceleration. The change in the time structures in the modern well how the same techniques and methods that can open up fields and quickly realize, can also increases the possibilities of feasible options yourself. In this sense, he also notes that a major problem of the economy, maintaining is the accelerated circulation. That the "high-speed trade" may pose high risks in itself, can be made of the seemingly paradoxical fact declare that fast trading continue to develop new fields of opportunity and thus risks opening, evaluation and auditing, etc. What was a few moments before, is just as important as what will be a few minutes later, writes Konstanze Piel . What is clear however is that the acceleration is a multiplier in the financial markets of the severity of crises. Surprising that, on the public discourse on this aspect has been little attention has been paid.

What Does The Hymen Look Like ?

Paul Celan 90

P aul Celan, one of the most important German poet of the postwar period, would now become Ninety. He chose to commit suicide in Paris in 1970

His poem "Death Fugue" is the letters poured in to Adorno's famous paradox simply set to Auschwitz could be no more poetry. For powerful as poetry, it converts the power of the stock but in poetry.

To date, it is perhaps the best known and most impressive poetic lament about the terror, the Primo Levi in his book "This Is a Man?" has characterized as the unspeakable: At the gates of the concentration camp silence the words and the witness. Man, as Giorgio Agamben wrote in relation to Levi, reduced to its zero point: At no words in the decision to be void. Those who survived bear to all of this not to be processed still suffering the burden of it is impossible to witness the horror with the right words.

Celan also can take the "Death Fugue" is not a witness.

"Black milk of morning we drink you at night we drink you at noon
and morning we drink you at evening we drink and drink

a man lives in the house your golden hair Margarete your ashen hair Shulamith
he plays with the serpents
He calls plays sweet death, death is a master from Germany he calls
is darker then the strings sweeps you into the air as smoke rises
then you have a grave in the clouds because it is not closely "

Rather, it is lethargy, a disturbing song on the sweet smoke from the furnaces. One circles around the unsayable, not symbolized, it also defies any collection. And yes, "death is a master from Germany": The death of his business. The murder was work, work, and for some even calling. The executioners were masters, acting for small mental rationality, according to numbers and tally sheets. The "banality of evil" was in the smooth functioning of the system and the offender, in the performance of duty. The sociologist Zygmunt Bauman

brought a few years ago produced the much-criticized thesis that the rationality of the Shoah as an industrial murder no exception, no falling out of the logic of modernity, but at its worst consequences. Celan's words are to remember that the master can recur, even though his eyes are perhaps no longer blue, that he had always ready, just wait for the call to duty comes again.

Perhaps this realization finally sealed the fate of Paul Celan.

Todesfuge / Reading:

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Greece and the debt

U nd in two respects: While the euro-zone countries to escape with the transfers for Ireland also themselves , crawl Greeks to Greeks: They are quite alone and overwhelmed with Fordeurngen. Elmar Altvater, here already presented one or the other as the eminence grise of the Marxist political science, wrote in the pages of German and international politics for the November issue a very readable article .



This is really about his "body issue," the submission of the policy by the players on the Finanzmärkten.Er obtained initially from quite far to give a rough outline of the emergence of the financial crisis and overstepped the mark then something, if he responds to the growth imperative and fossil fuels - but hey, this is probably the urgency that the good man and we feel the letter read. However, it is a little further in the text interesting:

"The financial crisis is not just a" lender of last resort. "- This is especially the actively intervening central bank - asking if" normal "borrowers in the" real economy "is not to find, must have a "borrower of last resort" her - and fulfill this function in the current crisis, the countries with the result that of the 16 countries of the euro zone now 13 an excessive deficit procedure of the EU are subjected because of indebtedness "

. Insightful also if Altvater evaluated the role of rating agencies. He compares the ratings and recommendations for Greece and Spain.

"This is the reason for that demotion interesting Greece because of his debts, funding problems due payments and because of the deficit, devalued the national budget Spain, however, lost because of the austerity package the. Zapatero's government, the medium was deteriorating growth prospects. If therefore of Greece more savings and therefore called for a reduction in welfare expenditure, is required of Spain to the contrary, although there are two countries in the same currency area and the same (Maastricht) criteria are subject . "

course, that the rating has awarded agencies in the short pre-crisis high toxic securities with AAA, take a perhaps less honorable role in this whole farce is clear. Their influence is at least equal to that negative effects of longer-term to the development of entire countries, are given for example in the case of the downgrading of Japan, by serious errors.


Timothy Sinclair, who has worked extensively in politics perspective deals with the role of credit rating agencies, lists in his study; how to Ratings : In the rating process, there are major quantitative and qualitative studies that Control of the legal basis, and, on completion of the information classification and evaluation, follow-up observations. What, then, lazy in the business of the ratings?

In particular, the occurrence of the rating agencies and private market players. This is also why, according to Sinclair, that the rating agencies play a disastrous role in the evaluation of states. Because the agencies issue their opinions and advice on credit risk from the viewpoint of private financial actors.

Implicitly this means that it is concealed in large part to issues of power, through scientific analysis. In the end it's all about the fundamental questions that are left out in mainstream media like to: Who does it benefit? And for what?
For the real problem is, you mention as well Egghat on his blog, not to threaten the States to be illiquid, but this is much more threatening the banks themselves.

Altvater us, unlike many other critics also a solution to this situation. seemed most interesting to me here the reference to a text Keynes' from the 20s of last century:

"John Maynard Keynes argued in 1929 in an article on" German Transfer Problem "for it to cancel the debt of Germany to the ill effects, so the social cuts in the debtor country, but also the heightened prevent competition for goods from the creditor countries. "

So a debt of the debtor. asked the same claim Altvater at an previous article in the Swiss WOZ . The ancient Greeks used this technique in order to preserve social peace . For Aristotle, the debt was even more important than the Athenian Constitution:

"That would be reflected in the current financial crisis is a very contemporary way. Insolvent debtors are regulated by debt cancellation of debt (in an ordinary bankruptcy proceedings). The necessary rules can not set the market actors, as they private partial interests track and ran away from each other only over the ear to try. "

Unfortunately Elder voice more likely than a left utopians die away, as that as the voice of the analyst's sharp, he is, is heard.

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book: Blessed by the Biopolitics of psycho power

P harmakon is the Greek word for cure, but also poison.
in Bernard Stiegler's book " of the biopolitics of psycho power " We encounter this from Plato borrowed and Derrida's concept changed again and again.

The drug is, according to Stiegler also the reason that capitalism is still somewhat to function: It has its place, this substance not only in pharmacies, but also and especially in the media, advertising, especially on television.

The drug denotes everything that can restrict the attention and people to draw a certain direction. The drug is a metaphor above all for a very broad entertainment industry, which emerged in the book only gradually. Broad, because it also includes different things such as television and heroin. It is the grease from the gears to request units: Everything that acts on the engine of the economy, people can be counted to above all, of course, the modern marketing tools.

order the term "pharmaceutical agent" circling, Ziegler is a present diagnosis, linked to a philosophically sophisticated, the time of the ADHD and the crisis in financial markets. is against the book in itself no objection: But his juggling is a very pronounced philosophical jargon, unnecessary for the topic basically.
The point is to find a way to promote emancipation through education, without ending up in forming the training and it fails to put in the service of the consumer society. And it's also about awareness through reading and Write to recover, and thus again be able to adapt to long-term goals. And of course this - well-known - to throw the TV out the window.

But are these claims under a thick layer of hidden philosophical considerations which do not contribute much to the point - you move within a fairly closed academic discourse, what the issue is really a pity. That seems to be a false or at least bad strategy.
Such were some of the first chapter, in which he attempts to illustrate how Foucault its failure to come from the bio-politics to the psycho power, quite negligible. Ultimately, it comes with a concern for oneself but also again to Foucault back to the Greeks ajar terms.

As mentioned in the introduction, the term is ambiguous: A book (Plato drug) can help to understand himself or his environment better, or it may lead to the wrong path and blind. But what would be positive? Anything that undermines the short attention spans, which are taught us and do everything that a custody order, which then reinforces a concern for the "we" leads.
This involves a return to the late Foucault and the Greek polis, but this time in relation to the neurological research: Stiegler mixes and thus a theoretically sophisticated cocktail of Schirrmacher's concern for the brain and Sloterdijk imperatives, which leads to a demand for a Noopolitik, a policy which are devoted mainly to the promotion of intellectual knowledge. Noopolitik The decision does not finally more to the "left" or "right", but for those who do not care and those who have concerns.

astonishing and yet seems almost a little ridiculous even then, that at the end Stiegler can be seen in figures such as Al Gore and Nicolas Sarkozy, the champion against indifference. And so basically the preceding 170 pages ad absurdum, it is here but not just for the torch bearers of knowledge and enlightenment.

Too bad I would have expected more - especially because the issue was in itself much too important to let it gather dust in the university.

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be with the iPhone

W not he is living in the here and now, unfortunately, the result of a study / marketing message from Harvard / Cupertino. For the study not only shows that with this little device can begin so incredibly much, but that may or may not reflect the daydream is all too suited to make them happy. Oh-ho.

Be it better to avoid these unworldly states. This is reminiscent of course of the limbo that directly leads to Nirvana: Happy accomplished resolution in the state that we call Being.

"Where I think, I'm not where I am, I do not think" is the reorganization of the old post-structuralist "Cogito Ergo Sum" Descartes's and hits the spot.
The absorption in his reach those who carry too much thinking and not to yield. Because that will only lead to areas that the being could possibly cause problems.

The conclusion of the study is: thinking sad. Okay. Just as well that the study participants considered a possible cure for this disease in his hand.

The great literary scholar George Steiner titled a few years ago an essay titled "Why thinking makes you sad." and went with the rhetorical title question is a good step beyond that now go out into the media-spread study.


He comes to some possible answers: The thinking is not attained, it is uncontrolled and erratic, it shows us the irrevocable barrier between ourselves, our ego and the world. It is waste, such extravagance, it refers to the distance between act and thought. And the volatility of the thought. Thought is the only thing for us seems suddenly Erfahrbare, apparently because it always fail because of the multitude of forms must be to him to show the boundaries, such as language, mathematics, death, of reality itself. And it shows us, ultimately, the gulf between their own identity and the Other: The impossibility of a real participation in the thinking of others. And again the inequality.

But from all the conflicting pulsation also formed the first of what we finally say "I" can.

"The gravest concern to our times is that we do not think" Heidegger once said in his lecture "What means thinking? . The rule is, he reasoned, the acting arbitrarily.

The first-mentioned absorption in the here and now shows this mentality only too well. A happy way to disaster. But at least talk always good. Today's Harvard psychology seems to be unreflective enough to march on this path.

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bourgeois exquisitely

I n the social science journal proclamation of September there is a great post titled "new bourgeois elements, bourgeois and citoyen . In the post-democratic elite domination "

Well, a citizen of a non-unique concept in German, we know that a citizen of one part of which belongs to the class of the bourgeoisie, on the other hand, the citizen as a participant in civil society, paving the way for . the bourgeois, republican democracy, of course, both are forced to take their function or their place and their place in the market If so it is now, concludes the article written by David Solomon, he was not particularly noteworthy

..
He is also not entirely fair criticism of the article by Karen Horn, where they seriously claimed that it was the neo-liberalism is not an ideology (their own articles really should be proof enough that this is just a question). The interesting part of the text by David Solomon begins rather with the part heading "capitalism and democracy or "problems of the class struggle"

because the development has a class war from above, as Salomon Axel Honneth notes quoting. He relates in his reflections especially Thilo Sarrazin and that a philosopher, the - well, whatever his name is still fast? - Oh yeah, gravel pond or something like that, with a single. What Schotterteich Salomon, according to the Social contract the service provider has in mind is

"the vulgarized ideology of a post-democratic elite domination, which of course itself is quite a classic tradition of liberal restriction of democratic participation"

So I'm actually always, the man simply trying to desperately to find ideas, so provocative and yet so little and so are largely vague that they could be promising enough to be quoted on it in the mainstream media. This was granted him, he does his job in this respect also quite excellent. But perhaps I've said too wrong, and the Lord really serious when he implicitly equate fascism and communism, in which he denounces the racial and class as equally despicable. It helps to exclude: A certain kind of class does not have any. And, everyone has, you can choose not - and therein lies the problem that we see probably not if you invent his time to so lame comparisons that were reversed completely before yesterday.

But Schotterteich or not: On the fundamental theories of Solomon's something to it. So also, if it finds that the developments after the crisis and especially the public discourse, the logic is meant only likely if one comes from the Hayek Institute and / or then relates funding to be targeted by new exclusion mechanisms and the establishment of a winning club democracy.

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A Fistful of Dollars

A m seventh in May 2009 an article appeared in the LAT from the political analyst Elmar Altvater the still and straight is topical again. Key question: " threaten after the financial crisis now the currency war ?

interesting above all, what could the devaluation of the dollar, according to Elder consequences: side-effects, which could be beneficial for some parts of the U.S. population, as for example a reduction in the debt burden, there would be some very delicate effects that would have all to do with the end of dollar hegemony.

It was added for completeness, that so few bright minds have, for example, questioned Kenneth Galbraith, the positive impact of low interest rates: How have the cuts by the Fed in 2003, as Galbraith in his book "The Economics of innocent fraud " notes taken any positive effects of becoming the economy.

And then we still have the negative impact: speculative bubble that could burst in the wake growth and devaluation of the USD (and it probably will), anticipated losses in treasury held in dollars Reserves of the European and Asian states, or even big in Japan , the liquidity trap

But no matter, let's look at the effects of really concern.



First, the development could bring more now that oil is no longer traded in U.S. dollars, second, that the dollar could be replaced as a transaction currency in the financial market and as a reserve and trading currency. These are not just small impact. Above all, because they were far from confined to the sphere of economics.

Interestingly, the interest in the political implications, a strong dollar depreciation could bring, in the media still not be too strongly present

It is not meant to paint the devil on the wall, but. The disengagement from the U.S. dollar as reserve currency would have a whole lot other problematic consequences.

Because who wants to act as the Gulf countries, their oil not in dollars, and, not least of any obligations to the dollar compared to free up land?

The U.S. would then again have to choose between quiet retirement and a loud bang. What is announced here in any case, is more than just an insidious replace the dollar as reserve currency and over recent blistering and Japanese states: What announces itself, the case of an empire-paper notes to fall slowly to the ground, but the consequences are still difficult to estimate.

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The madness of the "conspiracy of fire cells"

N ew
terrorist threat? What is it? Adolescents and young adults their clique "Verschwörug the fire cells" call. Two of the young men were friends with the 2008 by the Greek police murdered 15 years.

"conspiracy of the cells fire. It sounds as the name would be straight out of a fantasy film, computer game. It sounds like the air with their size, after being recognized in the World. And what does it take to achieve this goal?


vocabulary from the realm of fantasy and illusion, the only world in which one can know today as the "man on the street" (and indeed all the conspirators were men) recognition. have
Not that the bombs of the group could have no effect. Naürlich people would die there or be seriously injured. One thing is certain, however, that these acts do not have the impact that now parts of the media, as be adopted today by the time ,: namely, an escalation of terror, imitation of left and right. What

we may see more is being lost in a great confusion - yes, why not? Simulacrum. In appearance and illusion. Paradox, one can assume that the terrorists themselves came to a kind of truth.
Because what if the terrorist was in the attempt to bring sense? A conspiracy made everything so simple, the meaning would come by itself, the good and the bad, but it is not, you know basically the processes we know about why the world is so and not otherwise: Using only sense this processes just do not, they are not meaningfully justified. They are just.

What could be more natural than in a world that is itself not a conspiracy has to justify itself a conspiracy? The "conspiracy of fire cells" for example. The ideas for this one takes from the point where meaning is found today, where one has a clue of what it might have to with this: From the bookshelves, films and computer games, wherever not the rational process-an anonymous system, and people are not only the actors in these processes, but their own acts.

The powerlessness to Baudrillard promotes the overwhelming desire to destroy the power, the greater our own powerlessness is, the more she longs for this destruction. What a strange thing; these people are so desperate: Compare with previous terror phenomena. The RAF could be with a lot of good will still certify a group of touch with reality: there was the Soviet Union, East Germany, the 68. They could perhaps be regarded as Züngelchen in the balance, just as a terrorist vanguard. The Islamist terror in turn knows about his victory: to win the only a matter of time. They have the religion, they have paradise.

The "conspiracy of fire cells lack these aspects. There is no real way to the goal, no heavenly hope. For them there is only one thing: action. Finally indeed. A blip, a momentary escape from the barrel of things. After this, just burn up.

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The rights of Bottom: On the Tea Party with Hannah Arendt

H annah Arendt wrote, as I recall, once somewhere in " power and authority" of the different political traditions in the U.S. and Europe. The democratic development was due to some differences in these traditions, Arendt suggested, in old Europe, unlike the young American soil: in Europe had to look at the revolutions against their own government, own against the state. In other hand, America was the struggle for the independence of any state, who was at that time already perceived occupiers. In addition, there was still the West: Even then the white screen, projection of dreams and desires: And most of all empty and to fill yet. Freedom had to be right there.


the democracies of Europe on the other hand, were bought with blood: the guillotine, you could say it was also the whole dilemma that Europe was yet: She was the rational killing machine of the coming to consciousness people. The guillotine was thus quite a bit of the madness that was playing on the European continent, anticipate and even managed this in a sense, already with one. The other side of the barbaric European, democratic nation-state Society was thus from the very beginning here.

contrast, the development in the U.S. example: perhaps because of the konstantierten of Arendt difference, or at least the myth of "free land grab ': Where's seemingly nothing, you could create something new. Totalitarianism spared the United States may for that reason.
was also the U.S. by this absence of the state and the critical distance from state institutions and a hotbed of civil society participation and action: The pioneers were a result of circumstances indeed no other options but to organize themselves.

what extent is this really true or just a projection, plays no role in the end. If you read, however, such as Walt Whitman or Henry David Thoreau, one can easily imagine that this is not just a myth but a true story is in the core: the libertarian fruit grew well in the U.S..

But it was also in the U.S. to develop a two-edged sword: The Tea Party movement is a sign for it. Because fundamentally, these people just build on these libertarian ideals: the rejection of the state, self-empowerment and individualism, and of course, "Freedom, freedom, freedom", but without question "for whom" and ".? to do what "

too surprising: In the 60s and 70s seem the U.S. left have also somehow had claims to these "holy" ideals. Now the place is also occupied by the right. How do they ever?
But the most surprising: the politically successful movements in recent years, almost all of the rights emanating from acting, just as if they were moths, are attracted by the light And still more than that. They are both a symptom and amplifier of the Problems in one.

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basic concepts of capital: the latest chapter

a D, it is unfortunately impossible in this framework, Marx's first treated band of the capital in full, we find ourselves at the conclusion of the topic. I hope that the presented could give a brief overview basic concepts: less than rigorous, theoretical analysis, as much more in order to have a rough idea of it, what it is used by the Marx terms. Above all, to understand how concise this theory constructs of Marx were just set at the intersection between science and political agitation: As he reached it, was in a reconnaissance and politicization. I believe the enormous impact of Marx's theory can be explained only by the unique blending.


The last chapter of the 1st Band of the capital involved in any event have to run with the production the absolute and relative surplus value, with the wages, the process of accumulation of capital. The final chapters are entitled "the general law of capitalist accumulation" and "the so-called primitive accumulation." The spectrum ranges
Marx 'here again from the economy, to sociological studies. Finally, it can end with a chapter on the "primitive accumulation" his work in a grand historical account of the origin of capitalist appropriation. The "primitive accumulation" is probably also supported by contemporary historians.

more contentious issues that occur here are, on the other hand, the theory of impoverishment of the masses. Political scientist Michael Henry writes that because of the incorrect interpretation of Marx by younger Marxist theories, the distinction between absolute and relative deprivation are: According to the production of relative surplus value may very well lead to increasing living standards: What are the relative impoverishment, however, is the further loss of their means of production. That is, there are fewer and fewer capitalists, who are facing more and more workers or people who have no control over means of production. One view, proposed by Schumpeter also in a similar manner to the monopolization of capital.
The concept of an industrial reserve army in modern times again easier to understand: the word of full employment, Andre Gorz wrote some years ago, belonged to a thing of the past.

you can see, the last chapter provide even the most controversial and some interesting topics. Finally, it should be noted: If you'd like to read the old Marx himself, should get in any case, the thick blue Marx Engels Works edition. Capital summarizes the works of 23, 24, 25 All other expenditure of capital can be forgotten, as any writing relating to Marx and each secondary literature that refers to these volumes.

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Midterm elections

ch I am, even though I may admit I rarely, a sentimental type. Lost faith and false hope, the struggle with himself and all others, these are the materials from which the movies are good. And the impressive books. Even if it's just pathetic nonsense - you can set it so wonderful in it. Perhaps my American Midterm Elections-interest is precisely for this reason.


The author Ron Jacobs writes in the journal Counterpunch the state of the American left:

"I will not even go into what happened to the U.S. left. Well, maybe just a little. With the exception of a few groups comprised of perhaps a few thousand folks, there is none. "

course, well, coming a somehow familiar.
But one must not necessarily, in the USA living But now the rest of the article. Ron Jacobs is still wondering whether Obama has probably " Machine Gun" by Jimi Hendrix on his Ipod " Machine Gun" , this is a political song that's murder. focuses on African Americans and the massacre in the Vietnam War Ron Jacobs What question therefore boils. the man nor has any left ideals, he or she does not give us no answer to Ron Jacobs is missing at all, it always this?. Answers.

The other side in any case, the rights have answers, on just about anything: " Change is just a solution, anyone can use. Sun writes Steven Higgs today i n the same journal:

" Yeah, yeah, yeah, Palin and the Tea Party faithful are small-minded people Many, if not most, are fools being manipulated by the Carl Rove.. Dick Armeys and Koch brothers of the world. They're Reagan Democrats, middle-class workers who shifted their Allegiance to a man, a philosophy and a political party that, over the past three decades, has decimated their way of life. They ' re sheep who have been willingly led to slaughter.
And what they stand for is dangerous. . Examine the roots, and you'll find genocide and slavery in the tips and the caps

But, he also finds the right wing embraces at least two "sacred" principles of " Change "
the one hand passion and a commitment to the cause and on the other hand, the desire to disempowering the elites
Well, that is an equally familiar:.. ride the right here with this strategy also surprisingly well so to speak Alain Badiou inverse - Surprise for the.

But we come to the starting point of this post, the lost faith. The left U.S. Bloggerin und Politikwissenschaftlerin J. Dean von Icite schreibt unter dem Titel " No Vote" : 

"If I thought we could get some of this by voting, I'd vote. I've given voting quite a few chances, though, and, get this, things are only getting worse. The more we vote, the worse it gets. Now this could be a correlation rather than causation. But if voting is what has gotten the criminals into office and given them the chance to plunder and exploit, then why should we think that voting will do something different?
Doing nothing would be better--especially if it became a mass strike.
Standing around would be better--especially if it became a rally or a march.
No vote "

-. Is probably not a solution and is probably from non-voting no strike, parade or anything, quite apart from the question of whether these forms of protest would be useful, but this post by J. Dean. is a good illustration of what many would have thought for quite unlikely, but now more and more in Europe and the U.S. seems to insulate: Even in times of crisis, the Left was all completely unable to win votes, and yes, people's hearts to win for themselves. resignation in this situation to an obvious attitude.

The question of why The left radical, which there is still supposedly somewhere, no capital to beat the crisis, remains, of course. But perhaps because the arguments were from there too rational. Just because the voice of reason was there at home. And no one wants to hear, because it is now time, we want to be entertained (and only then will we decide if we still do not change the channel). That is, where there has been analysis, it might actually have time for Hendrix's "Machine Gun " at full volume.

Where I start from the fact that we also for 40 years to late turn.

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basic concepts of capital: cooperation and division of labor and manufacturing, machinery and large industrial

D as chapter eleventh and twelfth and thirteenth of the capital, we are here brushing is very short. They bear the title cooperation, division of labor and manufacturing and large industrial machinery, and the chapters are particularly from a socio-logical perspective, something interesting. The basic economic theories of Marx, we have seen the last time, precision Hall, again in the space of the factory and the factory. Much of what Marx writes here, should be interesting as a source for those interested in history.

says Marx cooperation with the cooperation of many workers in a factory: The productivity increases, since it makes it possible both to carry out joint work, as in dividing the work better. The combination of division of labor and machine production capitalism procured an incredible increase in productivity. At the same time the individual worker becomes increasingly easy to replace. The same will note a few years later, sociology stylite Max Weber. Of course, a development that goes far beyond the gates of the factory and into all areas of life overlaps: Up to the university and the media. The specialist / specialist has so man is now everywhere in society, the ambivalent properties, on the one hand involved in society to integrate, to "exploit" in her other hand to but can also be completely interchangeable and replaceable.


What was sealed herewith, was not only the "slavery" in the factories: man became the proverbial cog in a monstrous machinery to incorporate it. Their persistence was sealed: The view outside the box was difficult. The old humanist ideal of education in this sense is truly human, a man under: From the time that the General of the Education as is retreated education and towards specialization, we have squandered this humanity, which is also currently in the openness was compared with various options.

But back to the old Marx: Through all these chapters is in the machine as his fascination and threat. As we have seen is the last time, technological progress, Marx has a significant role: More sophisticated techniques offer the possibility for a time a significant competitive advantage to have. Because of this, but usually not maintained for a long time, as the other capitalists, the technical innovations soon to operate well, or is this even decide to improve the technology further, to turn to again have an advantage, is the inner logic of capitalism impressive driving force technical innovation, and innovation. This is quite the Marx Joseph Schumpeter, who speaks from these pages. But Marx never lost the joy: for the machines and all the technical progress for the first time in the history of real competition for manpower. The Luddites, the British Luddites at the beginning of the 19th Century, Marx noted, are now almost forgotten. Their fight was for the machines themselves, which made its work force redundant: The winner is determined undoubtedly remain. The age is, as Heidegger once remarked, fully dedicated to the art.

The enormous wealth and high-tech equipment in every home, are one side of the coin today. The other Page, for example, shows Richard Sennett with the "specter of uselessness" that afflicts the people of today, even though they have to bear in spite of all her body to the market. But perhaps this page represent some 250 million Chinese migrant workers who move in search of impoverished working through the country.