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Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim
known as the founder of sociology in France. His works, both admired as a criticism is an essential source of inspiration for the social sciences in general (sociology, linguistics, anthropology, but also the history, philosophy ..) become.
Born in Lorraine in 1858 from a practicing rabbi Family, he refused to be Rabin. He decide to study in Paris, where he was taken in 1879 at the Ecole Normale Supérieur. The reading of the works of Montesquieu confusing for him a special interressés relates obtain what living together, or as a sum of individual a Geselschaft can, and what a company is all about. He will also reject the idea of Charles Andler, that what is common to First is something custom (2). The influence of the philosophy of Auguste Comte, who benennent sociology for the first time as the most important science (a social physics that has as an object of humanity with a moral aspect), it should be mentioned also, and the historian Fustel de Coulanges and the philosopher E Boutroux. His comrades have included Jean Jaurès, Henry Bergson, Janet. As a lecturer in philosophy (1882), he collected a trip to Germany where he is interested in the development of social sciences and their recovery and took part in the psychological course of Wundt, worked the undercard including on the collective consciousness "of the national soul" (2) . Back in France he was appointed in Bordeaux in 1887 as Professor of Social Science and Pädagögie. This is the first Üniversität that sociology has eingefürhte as an independent expert to study an end. Then Emile Durkheim took the Lehrsthüle of pedagogy wierderernannt sociology at La Sorbonne. Strongly shaped by the events zeitgennosischen (la Commune, the Sedan precipitate, the Dreyfus affair and the beginning of the Third Republic), he represented the Republican close to the Socialists. He was firmly convinced that the scientific progress, while developing the social-scientific progress, and the pacifist rationnalistiche and harmonization of nations (1). The outbreak of the First World War niedergechlagt him. As a result of the decease of his son in front, he died in 1917.
During his career he has won supporters and staff, his niff Marcel Mauss, C. Bougie, G. Davy, P. Fauconnet, M. Hallwachs, R. Herzt, H. Hubert, F. Simiand with whom he founded L'Année sociologique (1896). These are summaries, essay, based on ethnographic data, reports from others. This assembly band has contributed ermmiteln the idea that theories and to develop the sociology (3).
The flow of thought from Durkheim can communicate through four major works.
De la division du travail 1893
Les règles de la méthode 1895 suicide
Le 1897
Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse 1912
Nineteen years ago the first part of the past, in which time, a variety number of essay, short versions in l 'Année Sociologique published, which have their importance in the constitutions of his works and in the development of his thoughts.
Even in his first works on the division of labor, he developed his thesis that the independence of the individual depends on the Geselschaft and man is a disempowered revolütionnär thesis in the period of individualism. Durkheim interrested is rational for the relationship between the individual and the social solidarity of Persons (2). It proves that people raise to the types of its two types of social solidarity. In the so-called primitive societies where people are divided into clan after their marriage status is a mechanical solidarity, in industrial society, people are increasingly shared by their function of their work, and they obtain an organic solidarity (2). These two types of companies are not beziehunglos, as Spencer has claimed, but by a demographic factor, we assume a mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity. Those are created by the people a proper morality. In
les règles de la méthode Durkheim is the wish of the malls social fact, "le fait social", to distinguish the psychological facts. The social facts are independent of the individual and are considered as an object and work of the analysieren.Die Soziologue is to define property with an objective point of view (no relation to the Personnal). The Durkheimian method is defined in three time points: the representation of a problem and its definition, then he refuted already been issued, known theory; schiesslich he gives a sociological explanation of the phenomenon found (2).
will So on this method, the phenomenon of suicide (Le Suicide) analysiert.Durkheim proves to a profound analysis (with accurate figures on Geselschaften) that the motif of suicide is not more of a choice but to society. It includes three types of suicides: a based on a crisis of Society, due to a deficit and a relationship as Sakrifiz for the societies (2).
Durkheim goes on with his work on the social-sized relationships within a society. Ultimately, he analyzes the religion. Religion as a common phenomenon "known as an object. The religious Pratik and their representations are in fact no different from the conception of society. His theory is based on ethnographic Datter of a primitive religion, Totemism (but it applies to all religions, in his opinion the main shopping malls of religion in the Totemism is clear geaüssert) (3). The Totemism devote the people of the cult of the company itself, the company God can obtain and / or a religion, especially in the case of an extreme social tension (1). Four shopping malls of religion were mentioned. Religion exerts an anonymous diffuss force except the people. It gathers people together. It is traditionnelle and they survived to people (4). These works, Les formes de la vie religieuse élémentaires, a turning point in sociology or in the Antrhropologie, and is the central point of the religion's social life.
We know that Durkheim was not Anthropologue, but a Soziologue. He has not rendered fieldwork untergenommen.Aber his work can not be overlooked in anthropology.
The subjects he chose were not new but their approach. The concept of shared awareness is central, it manifests itself by common phenomenon and were analyzed as an object (through its structures and functions). The people "connect" is mediated by common values and rules, which are by religions, institutions, school. The works of Durkheim first influenced his students and nifff M. Mauss, who attacks his thesis and fürht further. Next Influenceable can remember, has in British anthropology, Radcliffe-Brown as he deals with the design of Rite sichyj and the functionalism of Malinowski (3).
He was in France in accordance with its organic and unique way for evolutionnäre Gedanken kritisiert.
Quellen
(1) Jean-Claude Filloux, Émile Durkheim (1858-1917), Perspectives: revue trimestrielle d'éducation comparée (Paris, UNESCO : Bureau international d'éducation), vol. XXIII, n° 1-2, 1993, p. 305-322
(2) C-H. Cuin& F.Gresle,Histoire de la sociologie(la Découverte, Paris, 1992),tome I,p.63-70
(3)Pierre Bonte&Michel Izard, Dictionnaire de l'ethnologie et de l'anthropologie (presse universitaires de France 1992) ,p.206-209
(4)R.Parkin,One Discipline,four ways:britsch,french,german and american anthropology (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2005)p.170-180
